By Lieutenant General (Ret.) K. H. Konstantinidis
According to written accounts by various authors, as well as archaeological finds that have at times been attributed to earlier contacts between the Old and New Worlds, the view has been put forward that Greek seafarers may have reached the shores of America as early as prehistoric times and may have established colonies or trading posts in various regions.
The relevant theories place such hypothetical settlements in Canada, Florida and the lower Mississippi Valley, as well as in South America, in Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia and the Amazon region. During later centuries, according to the same views, these seafarers may have proceeded toward the Pacific coast, to Peru, and from there toward the islands of the South Pacific.
In this context, ancient finds and traditions of Easter Island have at times been associated with these theories, as have accounts of white-skinned people who, according to certain local traditions, had arrived in these regions. Some researchers and writers have regarded these people as ancestors of later inhabitants. Relevant references are also included in the work of Charles Berlitz, Mysteries from Forgotten Worlds (p. 175 ff.).
The Aegeans: The First Seafarers
It is a fact that, as early as the second millennium BC, the civilizations of the Aegean had developed considerable maritime capabilities. The Minoan civilization of Crete and, later, the Mycenaean civilization of the Achaeans developed significant maritime expertise and engaged in extensive sea travel and commercial contacts throughout the eastern Mediterranean.
At the same time, tradition preserves accounts of great naval expeditions, such as the Argonaut Expedition to Colchis and the Achaean expedition against Troy. These traditions certainly testify to the great importance of the sea in the mythological and cultural consciousness of the ancient Greeks. Their connection, however, with the American continent is a matter of interpretation and not an historically established fact.
The Greeks Traveled Throughout the World
At the same time, the view has been expressed that the ancient Greek tribes did not move only toward the West, but also toward the East. In northern Japan, for example, the Ainu population survived into modern times, and various theories have at different times been proposed concerning their origins. Similar references to populations described as “white” in remote areas of Asia and the Pacific can also be found in earlier travel accounts and works of folklore.
Everywhere They Left Traces of Their Civilization
The explorer and merchant-marine captain Gerasimos Kolaitis mentions, among other things, related traditions concerning the Philippines, as well as a small island location in the Indian Ocean, which is also referred to in the aforementioned work by Berlitz.
Similar theories have also been proposed concerning the Canary Islands, where traces of ancient cultural influences have been sought and certain traditions have been connected with the very ancient tradition of Atlantis, known primarily through Plato’s dialogues, Timaeus and Critias.
Art Bears Witness to the Truth
Certain similarities have also been pointed out between ancient works of art and architectural elements of the civilizations of Central and South America—the Maya, Aztecs and Incas—and familiar decorative or architectural motifs of the Aegean world. Among these, mention has been made of motifs resembling the Greek meander pattern.
Similar comparisons have also been attempted in the linguistic field. Some writers have pointed out alleged similarities between words in Maya, Māori, Quechua and other Pacific languages and Greek words. However, linguistic similarities of this kind do not, in themselves, constitute evidence of common ancestry or an ancient Greek presence, since systematic comparative-linguistic documentation is required.
The Famous Glozel Tablet
The hypothesis of an ancient Greek presence is not limited to America. In ancient Greek tradition, we also encounter references to the campaigns of Heracles toward the West and Gaul, as well as to contacts between the Greek world and distant peoples of Western Europe.
Of particular interest is the famous Glozel tablet in France, whose authenticity has been the subject of intense scholarly controversy. Some researchers have regarded it as an extremely ancient artifact, while others have questioned its authenticity. Consequently, the tablet remains a controversial issue and cannot, without qualification, be used as evidence of an ancient Greek settlement in France.
Within certain interpretations of the Orphic tradition, the tablet has been associated with ancient Greek mythology and the campaigns of Heracles toward the West. Along the same lines of reasoning, it has even been hypothesized that the Basques might be connected with the intermingling of ancient populations of the region with groups mythologically associated with the campaigns of Heracles. This, however, is a hypothesis and does not constitute an accepted historical conclusion.
How Could the Ancients Have Crossed the Atlantic?
And here a reasonable question arises: how could ancient seafarers have crossed the Atlantic, and even the Pacific Ocean, without the technological capabilities of the modern era?
The answer is not necessarily impossible from a maritime standpoint. In modern times, seafarers have succeeded in crossing vast oceans in small boats without mechanical propulsion, demonstrating that human navigation can undertake extraordinarily long voyages even with limited technological means.
The ancient Greeks possessed considerable maritime experience and developed astronomical knowledge that could be used both for navigation and for measuring time and the seasons. Their maritime tradition was therefore undoubtedly a significant achievement of the ancient world.
The peoples of northern Europe emerged as important overseas seafarers several centuries later. The Vikings, in particular, reached North America around AD 1000, a fact that has now been archaeologically documented.
(28/9/26)
Lieutenant General (Ret.) Konstantinos Konstantinidis
Author – Member of the Society of Greek Writers
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