Konstantinos Konstantinidis \u2013 Amphiktyon<\/p>\n\n\n\n
THE FIRST DYNASTIES \u2013 THE FIRST ERA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The first six dynasties\u2014the earliest rulers of Egypt\u2014were Greek gods and demigods, as recorded by Manetho (from 28,125 B.C., and according to others from 30,544 B.C.). Hephaestus and his descendants ruled for 11,985 years: Hephaestus, Helios (son of Hephaestus), Sosis, Cronus, Osiris, Typhon (brother of Osiris), and Horus (brother of Osiris).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Later, other kings continued to rule for 13,900 years. After the gods, the Heroes ruled for 1,255 years, followed by others. In total there were 32 dynasties up to the Ptolemies and Cleopatra, and approximately 2,000 dynasties up to the present day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Manetho states that the Olympian Gods were originally human beings who governed the Greeks and other peoples of the Mediterranean and, over time, became deified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apion the Grammarian, who wrote a history of Egypt, reports that at the time when Anubis was ruler in Egypt, Inachus was king in Argos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
THE SECOND ERA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This period begins with the fall of Atlantis and the second predominance of the Greeks in the Mediterranean world, according to the accounts of Aeschylus, Plato, and other classical writers. It was followed by the Flood of Deucalion (approximately 14,000 B.C.). According to the texts, another silence in historical tradition followed, together with a new and considerable chronological gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
THE THIRD ERA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Many Greeks, later deified by the Egyptians, ruled during this period. They were followed by Proteus (whom the Egyptians called Keten) during the era of the Trojan War. Paris came before Proteus, and later Menelaus arrived, claiming kinship with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The second well-known ruler was Remphis, son of Proteus, followed by other kings whose ancestry was traced to Argos and Mycenae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
THE FOURTH ERA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After the Flood of Egypt, Minos and seven of his descendants ruled for 252 years. Minos united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom, spread the religion of Helios-Ra, introduced phonetic writing and the calendar, and built monuments at Abydos, Chelona, and Saqqara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Homer’s reference to Memnon, king of Ethiopia, arriving near the end of the war as an ally of the Trojans together with Egyptians, coincides, according to this interpretation, with the actual date of the Trojan War around 3500 B.C. At that time Minos ruled Egypt as the first ruler of the First Dynasty of the New Era, while his son Memnon ruled Ethiopia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Minos, also called Min or Menes, was reportedly seized and killed by a gigantic hippopotamus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Athosis was a physician who wrote books on anatomy. He is said to have built the palaces of Memphis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
COMMENTARY<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hephaestus, Helios, Cronus, Osiris, and Isis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These references derive mainly from the ancient writer Diodorus Siculus, who identified Egyptian deities with Greek gods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Greek history presents a sad and regrettable phenomenon, which may even be characterized as harmful, namely that many modern scholars question the ancient authors and regard them as myth-makers because they are uncomfortable with the great depth of Greek prehistory, extending back many tens of thousands of years. By means of a dogmatic “pair of scissors,” they truncate this history to fit predetermined limits, allowing only those events they wish to present as the oldest. According to the author, the same method has also been introduced into Artificial Intelligence. Let the discerning reader draw his own conclusions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The chronologies given by Manetho concerning the reigns of gods and demigods over many tens of thousands of years are often rejected by modern historical scholarship as mythological and symbolic. However, ancient authors are frequently vindicated by archaeological discoveries and excavations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Organized Egyptian history is generally considered to begin around the fourth millennium B.C. with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. The author compares this to the history of Europe, which is often said to begin with Charlemagne while overlooking thousands of years of earlier historical development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Menes (Menas or Min) is presented here as the son of Minos, King of Crete. According to this interpretation, he was responsible for the historical unification of Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The ancient Greeks indeed believed that very ancient ties existed between Greece and Egypt. Plato mentions that the priests of Sais preserved extremely ancient traditions concerning Athens before the Flood. Plato, like the other Greek sages, is regarded by the author as highly reliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
THE GREEK CITIES OF EGYPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n
One hundred and twenty-six (126) cities were founded in Egypt by Greeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Among the most important were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Alexandria \u2013 founded in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great and developed into the greatest intellectual center of the Hellenistic world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Naucratis \u2013 the first organized Greek colony in Egypt, established as early as the seventh century B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Ptolemais Hermiou \u2013 an important administrative and cultural center of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Arsinoe \u2013 one of several cities bearing the names of members of the Ptolemaic dynasty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Philoteris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Antinoopolis \u2013 a city with a strong Greek character.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Heliopolis \u2013 linked in Greek tradition to Actis, son of Helios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Thebes \u2013 identified by the Greeks with their own Thebes and mythologically associated with Osiris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Memphis \u2013 an important center where Greeks also settled during later periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
During the Hellenistic age of Ptolemy I Soter and his successors, dozens of cities and settlements bore Greek names such as Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais, Philadelphia, Antinoopolis, and many others, creating an extensive network of Greek culture throughout Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
THE ANCIENT GREEK PRESENCE IN EGYPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beyond prehistoric and historical testimonies, the Greek presence in Egypt is evidenced by the Greek cities that flourished there. Among the most important were Naucratis, Alexandria, Ptolemais, Arsinoe, Philadelphia, and many other Ptolemaic cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alexandria became the greatest intellectual center of Hellenism, with its Library and Museum gathering the knowledge of the entire ancient world. For centuries, the Greek language remained the language of administration, science, and commerce in Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GENERAL CONCLUSION<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to the author’s interpretation, Hellenism provided the foundations that enabled Egypt to enter the path of civilization and emerge from barbarism. He argues that today this contribution is often underestimated by those who, through dogmatic approaches, fail to recognize its significance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3 June 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amphiktyon \u2013 Lieutenant General (Ret.) Konstantinos Konstantinidis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Author \u2013 Member of the Society of Greek Writers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amphiktyon Blog: http:\/\/www.amphiktyon.blogspot.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n